Method and system for reconstruction of half-tone images

ABSTRACT

Reproduction of original graphic representations is accomplished by (a) optically scanning an original (b) producing a density scaled digital output (c) processing this information to derive code signals defining relative density of incremental areas as an increment matrix of one or more dots, and (d) placing dots on a receiving member according to these code signals. During processing the span of the density scale can be adjusted to enhance contrast in all or some areas of the image, without loss of mensuration accuracy. The printout is made through control of individual marking drops which are selectively charged and deposited on or diverted from the receiving member according to the code signals.

United States Patent Inventors David Behane Yellow Springs; Lewis ll. Spradley, Centerville; Lysle D. Cahill, Dayton; William M. Marshall, Dayton, all 01, Ohio Appl No. 803,910

Filed Mar. 3, 1969 Patented Sept. 14, 1971 Assignee The Mead Corporation Dayton, Ohio METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR RECONSTRUCTION 0F HALF-TONE IMAGES 12 Claims, 6 Drawing Figs.

[1.8. CI l78/6.6 R, 178/5, 178/6, 178/67 Int. Cl HlMn 1/04, H04n 1/28, H04n 1/40 Field of Search 178/68, 6, 6.6 S, 6.6 P, 6 P, 5 P, 6.7

[56] Relerences Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3.272918 9/1966 Koll et a1. 178/66 3,324,237 6/1967 Cherry et al. 178/6 3,474,192 10/1969 Webb 178/5 X Primary Examiner Bernard Konick Assistant Examiner-Steven B. Pokotilow Attorney-Marechal, Biebel, French & Bugg ABSTRACT: Reproduction of original graphic representations is accomplished by (a) optically scanning an original (b) producing a density scaled digital output (c) processing this information to derive code signals defining relative density of incremental areas as an increment matrix of one or more dots, and (d) placing dots on a receiving member according to these code signals. During processing the span of the density scale can be adjusted to enhance contrast in all or some areas of the image, without loss of mensuration accuracy. The printout is made through control of individual marking drops which are selectively charged and deposited on or diverted from the receiving member according to the code signals.

PATENTEDSEP14 19?;

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LEWIS HAROLD SPRAOLEY WILLIAM W. MARSHALl a LYSLE D. CAHILL A TTOR/VE YS ATENTED SEPMTSYI 3,604,846

SHEET 2 [IF 3 REsET CD SCAN LINE POINTER READ BIT INCREMENT PATERNS SCAN LmE POINTER READ GET DENSITY DENSITY m LEvELs SCAN LINE BUILD CODE GET fi PATTERN FROM cooE TABLE DENSITY A LEvEL vs. BIT PATTERN ENTER PATTERN m OUTPUT AREA END OF SCAN LINE EMPTY OUTPUT AREA METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF HALF-TONE IMAGES CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLlCATlON Portions of this application are related to copending application Ser. No. 768,763, filed Oct. 18, 1968, and as signed to the assignee of the present application.

BACKGROUND OF THE XNVENTION The invention relates to use of an image analyzer, such as disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,307,020, in connection with a novel printout device such as disclosed in the above-identified US. Pat. application. Various proposals have been made, and experimental systems have been tried, using techniques for scanning original photographs, storage and manipulation of the resulting output from the scanner, and subsequent photoreproduction from the manipulated data. However, the contrast of the final printouts has been only marginally acceptable, and difficulties are encountered in the production of digital information from the scanner, proper correlation and handling of this data, and its adoption to printout devices having modes of image production different from the scanning techniques employed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, an original representation, such as a photographic negative, or film positive, is scanned optically and density variations over a small spot, in the order of 1 micron diameter are reproduced electronically, converted to digital input information, and recorded. The recorded information is then processed in a computer, the output product being digital information representing a matrix-type scale or variation corresponding to each input spot," and scaled according to the desired density of that particular incremental area of the printout, relative to the remainder. This output information is then employed to control a printout device which merely places marking dots according to the instructions of the output information.

lf it is desired to adjust the density of the resulting print, from the density of the original, this is readily accomplished by appropriate manipulation of the data during the processing step, for example to enhance density, or increase contrast in all or selected regions of the print.

The principal object of the invention, therefore, is to provide a novel method and apparatus for reproduction of graphic information, as above mentioned; to provide for desired changes in density between the original and the print; to improve the handling of the data, particularly its conversion into digital form during scanning, to minimize errors in the print; and to provide a novel method and apparatus for half tone reproduction.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a biock diagram of the scanning, analyzing, and recording portion of the system;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing details of the amplifier-log converter unit;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the program for manipulating the recorded information and producing a control tape for the printer;

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing matrix tone variations;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the printer and associated buffer and controls; and

FIG. 6 is a partial block diagram showing a modification of the printer controls.

DESCRlPTlON OF THE PREFERRED EM BODIMENT With reference to FIG. I, a carriage I0 is suitably supported for scanning movement in the x direction by a motor 12, through a conventional drive connection. Limit switches 13 are mounted so as to be operated respectively when the carriage reaches the desired opposite limits of its x scanning motion. A second motor 15 is arranged to drive the carriage [0 for motion in the y direction. The original representation to be scanned and analyzed is indicated generally at 18. This original may take different forms, such as a positive or negative photographic film, and may for example, be one of a set of color separations.

The image on the original is a gradation of tonal densities which may, for example, appear as portions of greater or lesser optical density. A light source 20 is focused into a scanning light beam of predetermined small cross-sectional dimension through an optical system 21, which includes parts that focus the beam onto a photomultiplier or other suitable light transducer 22. A suitable construction is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,307,020, entitled HlGH INFORMATION DENSlTY DATA RECORD AND READOUT DEVICE, and has the capability of producing a scanning spot of light or other radiant energy having a diameter in the order of 1 micron.

The photomultiplier 22 provides an output to an amplifier converter circuit 24, details of which are shown in FIG. 2. Essentially, this circuit embodies a three-stage amplifier, such as the series-arranged operational amplifiers Al, A2 and A3. A semiconductor diode CR3 is connected across the amplifier stage A2, and the voltage across CR3 is proportioned to the log of the current passage through it. The filter networks connected across stages Al and A3 are provided for noise suppression. The resulting output from this amplifier and converter circuit 24 is a voltage proportional to density on the original 18, an analog signal. It should be recognized that comparable signals obtained from an electronic scanning device can be utilized in the same manner as the derived signal previously described.

The output of circuit 24 is directed to an analog to digital (A to D) converter circuit 25, which is of conventional design, and which converts from the analog input signal to a digital output signal which, in one successful embodiment in a fourdigit BCD code, for example on a scale of 0 to S. The converter circuit 25 is arranged for a gated type of operation, and provides digital output signals on a controlled timed basis, under the control of pulses from an electronic switch circuit 27. This switch circuit is turned on by means of a starting signal received from a level detector circuit 28, and the switch circuit 27 is turned off by an output signal from a coincidence detector circuit 29.

For example, a sharply defined starting edge can be provided by a mask positioned along one side of the original 18, at right angles to the direction of x scan. When the sharp edge defined by the mask passes the scanning light beam, the resulting output from the photomultiplier 22 will rise above a predetermined low limit, and this increase in signal output strength through the amplifier circuit 24 will be detected by the detector 28 to turn on the switch circuit 27 and commence operation of the A to D circuit 25. Thus, when on the switch circuit 27 passes sample control pulses to the A to D circuit 25 and effectively gates its operation.

The sample pulses from the switch circuit 27 also are directed to the sample counter 30. The coincidence detector 29 compares the count in counter 30 with a predetermined and known count which is set into the samples per scan switch circuit 32 at the beginning of the operation. This count represents a known and desired number of samples per scan, and in fact divides the x scanning operation into small and equal increments. When a coincidence is detected, an output from the detector circuit 29 turns off the switch circuit 27 and also resets the sample counter 30. The sample pulses are derived from a 24 kHz. crystal controlled oscillator 35,

through a variable divider circuit 36 which provides sample pulses at some predetermined division to the electronic switch circuit 27. In an embodiment actually reduced to practice, a variable divider circuit having a range from 25 Hz. to 1 kHz. has been used. The same oscillator 35 also feeds pulses to a divider circuit 38 which is arranged to divide by 400, thus providing at its output a stable 60 Hz. signal. This signal is fed through an electron switch 40 to the x-scan drive control 12, This drive signal to the motor 12 is also directional, in order to control back and forth scanning movement of the carriage 10.

The switch circuit 40 is turned on by an output signal from a coincidence detector circuit 42, and is turned off by an output signal from an OR gate 44. The limit switches 13 each provide inputs to OR gate 44, thus indicating the physical limit of one x-scan movement of the carriage in either direction.

A low frequency oscillator 45 (about l Hz.) provides further control pulses to an electronic switch circuit 47. This switch circuit is turned on by an output from OR gate 44, and is turned off by an output from the coincidence detector 42. When on, the switch circuit 47 passes control pulses from the low frequency oscillator 45 to a counter 48, and also the the yscan drive motor IS.

The y increment control switch circuit or register 50 provides a preset count to the detector circuit 42, according to the desired y scanning movement between successive x scans. It will be appreciated that this y scanning movement is relatively small, usually of an order corresponding to the amount of x scan movement occurring between successive scanning pulses. When the y scan movement is completed, an output from the coincidence detector 42 resets the counter 48, turns off the electronic switch 47, and transmits a "reverse and start". signal to electronic switch 40, causing the x scan drive motor 12 to start in the opposite direction from the motion previously completed.

Each signal from OR gate 44 also adds a count to a scan counter 52. A scans per run switch circuit or register 54 is preset to a number indicating of total scans desired. The switch circuit 54 and the scan counter 52 provide outputs to a coincidence detector circuit 55, and when it detects comple tion of the desired number of scans, it provides an off signal which is suitably connected to stop the entire operation.

The output of the A to D circuit 25 preferably is fed through suitable formating circuits 58, which change the four-digit BCD code from the converter 25 into a twobyte, four-digit BCD code (four bits per digit), which is recorded in an incremental tape recorder 60. A typical such recorder has the capability of recording in incremental fashion 2,000 characters per second Use of this type of recorder eliminates the need for buffers between the output of the analyzing circuits and the recorder. However, it is possible to record blocks of data using appropriate buffers.

It should be noted that a stable drive signal (60 Hz.) is pr0- vided to the x scan motor 12, and is locked to the rate of 3pulse controlling A to D circuit 25 since both of them are driven from the crystal control oscillator 35. The output of the scanning and analyzing part of the system is thus a magnetic tape recording in digital code 4representing incremental density variations in the scanned original.

The information on the tape is in the form of a succession of digital code words which are arranged in sequence according to the direction of the scan. The code words thus are in the same positional correlation as the increments scanned from the original In other words, the scanning device, due to the clocked control of its output, effectively views in succession adjacent increments on the original, and the code words representing the density of these increments are placed on the tape in the same order. As is common with data recording systems, the recorded information is separated into blocks, and in the present system each block is conveniently arranged to contain the code words for one entire scan line. Therefore, successive blocks contain the code word information for successive scan lines, in the proper order. Because of this relationship between code words within the block of information representing one scan line, and because of the succeeding relationship of the blocks representing successive scan lines, each code word can be said to be in positional correlation in the recorded data according to the corresponding elemental areas scanned by the scanning device.

This information is next manipulated in an electronic computer, which produces a nine-track (one track parity) output tape representing each increment of the pattern on the original in a 3X3 format, thus providing 10 density values corresponding to how many of the nine possible points in the grid are blackened in the resulting printout. Other matrix formats are possible, such as 4X4, 4X5, 5X5.

The flow chart of the computer program, using conventional symbols for this type of chart, is shown in FIG. 3.

The first instruction of the program is an input which determines the format of the pattern in the output matrix, i.e., which combinations of dots in the matrix will be used to provide a graded output. For example, in a 3X3 matrix, one dot in the center may represent the lightest shade of gray, and all nine dots may represent black, with combinations in between providing a gray scale up to zero or no dots. This is shown in the flow diagram by the legend "Read Bit Pattern."

Next the instruction is introduced designating the scaling of the codes on the input tape. This is illustrated by the legend Read Density Levels."

From these instructions the computer builds a conversion table for rapid determination of the individual matrix patterns in their density scale corresponding to input codes in their density scale. This allows direct determination of the appropriately scaled output matrix code from reading of an input two-byte density code. The step of creating this table is designated Build Code Table."

The computer then commences to read one line of input information from the input tape. As each two'byte code is read, its corresponding matrix pattern is found from the table previously built up. These steps are shown in the right-hand part of the diagram, and include setting an indicator which follows the processing of information for a single scan line. The matrix codes are entered in a storage output (core memory or disc or drum memory) as bits in the three parallel code positions. These output codes continue to be stored in sequence for a full scan line. As each two-byte input code is read and its corresponding matrix code is stored, the scan line indicator or pointer is incremented, as shown in the flow diagram, item 3.

Since in the described embodiment the information is to be used in a serial printout system, information on a dot-for-dot basis is placed on the output tape by unloading from the three parallel storage positions, in sequence, for the entire line. This step is indicated by the legend Empty Output Area. In the system described, the output is onto a tape having eight data channels, plus one parity channel, thus one byte on the output tape may represent all of the information for the first third of two matrices, plus two dot positions of the first third of another matrix, etc.

Once the output storage is thus emptied, the program (Item 3) instructs the reading and lookup for the next line of information from the input tape, and this proceeds until the last line of input information is processed. The program continues until all information from the input tape is read and processed, then the program stops.

Recalling that in the original scanning mode described in connection with FIG. 1, the scanning action was back and forth, the input density tape will have every other scan line information recorded in opposite direction. It will be appreciated from the following description of a suitable printout device that it may be desirable to have all output data in the same scanning sense. This can readily be accomplished by unloading backward every other line from the computer output storage, thus producing a continuous direct reading output tape.

in connection with the density levels assigned to the input codes, these can be calculated or otherwise determined in advance, knowing the density gradation of the original representation 18. It is also possible to determine the density levels by reading in advance all or a designated sample portion of the input tape, and statistically preparing a chart giving the range of density codes actually appearing on the density tape. This information is then used to assign density values to the input codes for purposes of building the code table.

By way of example, FIG. 4 illustrates the manner in which a 3X3 matrix can be employed to obtain tonal variation from white (block I) to essentially black (block X). For purposes of illustrating, the dots in the matrices have been substantially enlarged, having a diameter in the order of one-tenth of an inch. In actual practice the dots might average, for example, approximately 0.004 to (LOGS-inch diameter. Hence, in actual practice the width and height of an actual matrix can be in the order of 0.012 to 0.0015 inch. In regions where the density level is low, tending from light gray to white, the matrices will be reproduced to have none or only a few drops within a predetermined matrix.

It should be understood that the marks may be designed to overlap, rather than merely be adjacent as in block X, and a more complex matrix may be used to obtain a greater density scale, for example matrices may be employed having cells arranged 4X4, 4X5, 5X5, etc. With closer spacing of the centers of the marks, these matrices can be arranged to occupy little or no great space and the dimensions previously given. The visual effect obtained from this matrix construction is directly comparable to the effect obtained by half tone screening. Those areas where more marks occupy cells of one or more matrices will appear more dense or darker, and vice versa. Reproduction of an entire image in this manner results in an image having the same visual effect as a half-tone print, with a definite scale of half tones from white to black.

In fact, by manipulation of correspondence between input codes and the actual matrix codes used for marking, it is possible to enhance or deemphasize contrast, as may be desired in a particular operation. For example, a photographic negative having poor contrast may be operated upon according to the invention to produce a print which has substantially greater contrast than is available from a print made by ordinary photographic means from the original negative.

It should be understood also that the invention is applicable to processing of sets of prints, such as color separations normally used in the production of multicolor printing plates. By employing the matrix arrangement, it is possible to reproduce color separations, enhance contrast of one or more of them if needed, and actually to produce a multicolor print by precisely overprinting with different colors. The control available from the digital signals makes it possible to obtain accurate registration of the various colors and to produce a high quality print. By the same token, it is possible to store the digital information corresponding to individual color separations, actually to transmit this information if desired, and eventually to use this information in reconstructing separate color separations or color printing plates which can then be used in conventional multicolor printing processes.

In FIG. 5, a preferred embodiment of printout device embodies an ink or marking drop generator 70 positioned over the surface of a rotating cylinder 75 carrying a receiving member 78, such as a paper sheet, on its surface. This structure is in turn mounted upon a slide (not shown) which is moved through connections between a nut carried on a slide and a helically threaded cross shaft. Details are described in the above-identified copending application Ser. No. 768,763.

The drop generator is arranged to create individual drops of a marking substance, such as an ink, by selectively electrostatically charging and deflecting certain of the drops. For example, assuming that the rotational movement of cylinder 75 causes an x relative scanning movement between the paper 78 and the drop generator, if every drop were permitted to proceed to where it deposited on the paper, that drop would create a dot or mark of about 0.005-inch diameter in a cell or sub-area of a predetermined matrix. A complete continuity of drops would create a solid line" of three drops across the various rows of cells of each adjacent matrix. In the system shown, and described hereafter, three horizontal scans are required to complete the creation of one horizontal row of matrices. If one row for example, were to embody matrices all on the gray scale corresponding to FIG. 4, block IV, in the first scan for every matrix two drops would be deposited, then one drop would be prevented from depositing, and so on through the remainder of the line scan. The, in the next line scan for each matrix one drop would deposit, two would be prevented from depositing, and so on through the remainder of that line scan. Finally, during the third line scan no drops would be deposited. The result would be the creation of one complete horizontal row of matrices each having three dots placed in the positions shown in FIG. 4, block IV.

The drive means is connected to rotate cylinder 75 at a predetermined speed and to rotate the cross shaft at a predetermined substantially slower speed, One rotation of the cylinder can correspond to one x scan. Thus in a 3X3 matrix scheme, three revolutions will cover the same relative print area as one scan of the original in the apparatus shown in FIG. I. Rotation of the drum 75 may be related to the frequency of drop generation, which is controlled by a vibrating stimulator 82. The correlation between movement of the receiving member 78 and drop generation rate is such that the dots formed on the receiving member by successive drops will preferably be in adjoining relation (see FIG. 4, block X). The rotation of the cross shaft is such that during one complete revolution of the cylinder, movement of the drop generator longitudinally of the cylinder will occur through a distance equal to the desired center-to-center dot separation distance. In other words, the drop generator is caused to scan in a shallow helical path over the surface of the cylinder 75 and the receiving member 78 carried thereon. The cross shaft movement can also be intermittent and rapid, once for each cylinder revolution, as by a stepping motor, drive, to cause spaced circular scans.

Details of the drop generator include an ink supply tube 84 having a discharge orifice 8S aligned to direct drops of liquid ink along a path or trajectory which extends toward the receiving member. Ink under pressure is supplied to tube 84 from a suitable source (not shown) and the stream of liquid ink issuing from the orifice breaks into a series of drops. The nose of the stimulator 82 engages tube 84, and the resulting vibration, in the order of 40 kHz. causes drops of essentially equal size to be formed at precisely spaced intervals.

Control over the individual drops is exercised through an electrostatic charging and deflecting system. A charge ring 88 surrounds the path of the jet immediately below the orifice 85, at or near the point where drops break away from the stream of liquid emerging from the orifice. By selectively imposing a potential difference between the ring 88 and tube 84, a charge status can be imparted to selected drops. Below the charge ring is a set of electrodes 89 across which a substantial potential difference (e.g., in the order of l KV) is applied to create a deflection field.

Uncharged drops continue along the normal trajectory and impact on the receiving member in a predetermined cell within a predetermined matrix, while charged drops are switched by the field into a catcher 90 and thus removed from the system. By correlating drop switching with the movement of the receiving member, it is thus possible to locate each drop deposited on the member 78 according to a coordinate position or cell in a matrix. Precise placement of many small drops thus permits the construction of high-quality images on the receiving member.

Referring to FIG. 5, the printout device includes a typical magnetic tape reader unit 92, into which the output code tape is loaded. The tape unit reconstitutes a clock signal which controls the output of information and provides a clock signal on line 93, and suitable controls are also incorporated in the unit for starting, stopping and advancing, all of these controls being conventional and well known in the art. The tape unit 92 is connected to unload information, a byte at a time, into a first or loading register 95, which in turn is connected to load information one byte at a time into a suitable information matrix memory 96, such as a typical core matrix memory. In one embodiment of the invention the memory 96 is divided into two units, each capable of storing 1,024 eight-bit bytes of information. The memory output is connected to an unloading register 98 which handles output information from the memory one byte at a time and is connected to pass this information on in the same fashion to an output shift register 100. This shift register has a serial output line 102 connected through an amplifier 103 (and other suitable pulse-shaping circuits which are not shown for purposes of simplification) to the charging ring 88 of the ink or marking drop generating unit. The information unloaded into the shift register 100 thus is transmitted through line 102 as individual bits in the proper sequence, constituting the marking matrix information.

The registers and the memory thus serve as a buffer capable of receiving and storing the information, and passing it on to the drop generating unit as directions for locating a given dot on the surface of the receiving member 78 carried on the rotating drum 75. For purposes of this invention, the surface of the receiving member can be considered to be divided in matrix fashion, with the individual scan lines followed by the drop generator 70 being one portion (i.e., the x scan) of the matrix, and the opposite portion (the y scan) of the matrix is formed through an encoder driven synchronously with the cylinder 75. A typical encoder or fiducial means is shown as a strip of magnetic recording material, such as tape 105, which has pulse generating marks recorded thereon in regular inter vals. For example, the pulse generating marks may be spaced apart by a distance equal to a displacement of the surface of the receiving member carried on the drum by 0.005 inch. A series of pulses are generated by these marks by a magnetic pickup head 107 and these are transmitted as "mark control pulses over line 108 onto an input amplifier 110. For control purposes the encoder also includes in a separate track a single pulse-generating mark 112 which creates a pulse once each revolution in the pickup head 113 and this pulse is transmitted as a synchronizing pulse over line 114 to amplifier 115, and hence into the system.

To initiate operation of the buffer, closing of the manual start switch 118 will produce an output from OR gate 120 to set the running control flip-flop 122, thus producing a set output from this flip-flop which is connected to signal the tape unit 92 over line 123, and hence initiate reading of information from the tape reading unit. The output from flip-flop 122 also provides an input to a load control counter 125 to clear that counter and prepare it for a loading operation. With the counter cleared, its output line 126 is at a low logic level, and this results in a high level logic signal from the inverting amplifier 128 to the load control AND gate 130. This enables the AND gate 130 and clock pulses over line 93 from the tape unit 92 are transmitted by AND gate 130 to the counter 125, and are subsequently accumulated in this counter until the counter fills. The counter 125 has a capacity of one half of the memory 96. The output from AND gate 130 also is transmitted to the load register 95 as a transfer input signal, and further is con nected to the set input of the memory load control flip-flop 132.

A load control AND gate 135 receives an enabling signal each time the load flip-flop 132 is set, and this AND gate has two additional inputs, one coming directly from the output of a 100 kHz. oscillator 138, and the other coming from the output of a dividing flip-flop 140. Therefore, the AND gate 135 enabled on every other output from the oscillator 138, pro vided the load flip-flop 132 is set. An output from AND gate 135 produces a load signal to the memory 96, and also produces a reset or clear signal to the load flip-flop 132, thus immediately inhibiting AND gate 135. This circuit therefore permits the loading, one byte at a time, of information from register 95 into memory 96. So long as the run control flip-flop 122 remains in its set condition, this sequence repeats and the tape unit unloads the position control information into the register 95, from whence the information is transferred into the memory 96.

When the load counter is full, a high level output on line 126 results in a low level output from the inverter 128, inhibiting the AND gate and terminating the transfer pulses to register 95. Further, line 126 is connected through a delay circuit 142 to the clear or reset input of flip-flop 122, thus removing the run signal from line 123 and stopping the tape unit. The output from the delay circuit also is transmitted over line 143 to the set input of a further control flip-flop 145 which indicates that the buffer is ready for a printing operation.

The set output of flip-flop 145 enables an AND gate 148, and the other input to this AND gate is from a manually operated switch control 150. To initiate the first printing operation this switch is closed, thus enabling AND gate 148 which in turn provides a set signal to the stop control flip-flop 152. If at any time it is desired to stop the printing operation, the manually operated stop switch 154 can be operated to provide clear or reset signals to flip-flops 145 and 152. The set output of flip-flop 152 provides an enabling circuit to a print control AND gate 155. The second input to this AND gate is through amplifier 115 from the synchronizing pulse-generating circuit of the encoder. When this signal is received the resulting output from AND gate 155 provides a set input to the print control flip-flop 156, and also provides a signal over line 157 to the OR gate 120, to again set the run control flipflop 122, since it is now possible to commence a loading operation from the tape unit, with the printer beginning to use information from the memory 96.

lt should be understood that on starting, the start switch 118 may be operated to initiate a further loading operation after the load control counter 125 has terminated loading of the first 1,024 bytes. This is due to the fact that the memory actually has twice this capacity, and can be fully loaded at the start, then unloading will proceed from one-half of the memory while loading can similarly occur in the other half of the memory with the information being transferred internally from input to output of the memory. With the print flip-flop set, its output provides an enabling signal to the mark control AND gate 158. The other input to this AND gate is from amplifier 110 and the mark pulse-generating system of the encoder. The mark pulses are thus passed on through the output of AND gate 158, via line 160, to the shift input of the shift register 100. Assuming for the moment that a byte has been transferred into this shift register, the mark pulses will cause the individual bits to be transmitted as control pulses on the output line 102, and this will result in charging, or not charging, of the individual drops depending upon the status of the individual bits or digital signals.

Line 160 also is connected to the input of a shift control counter 162 which has a capacity of eight bits, in other words the information in one byte. Once this counter fills it sends an output to a single shot multivibrator circuit 163, which in turn transmits a signal to the set input of an unload control flip-flop 165, and also, transmits a transfer pulse to the shift register 100, enabling it to receive the next byte from the unload register 98. The set output of flip-flop 165 is connected to one of the three inputs of the unload control AND gate 167. The other inputs to this AND gate come from the oscillator 138 and from the dividing flip-flop 140 through an inverter 168. Because of the inverter circuit, the pulses on which AND gate 167 is enabled arc the opposite pulses from those on which AND gate 135 is enabled. ln this manner the loading and unloading of the memory is interlaced, each occurring in this example at a maximum rate of 50 kHz.

There is an unload clock signal from memory 96, transmitted on line 170, which goes to the transfer input of the unload register 98, to the reset or clear input of the unload control flip-flop 165, and as a count to the unload counter 172. This counter is cleared each time there is a set output from the print flip-flop 156, which also enables the AND gate 158. Unloading from the memory into register 98 will continue as the register is available to receive additional bytes of information, and each transfer of one byte will add another count into the unload counter 172, which has a capacity of 1,024. When this counter fills, it produces an output on line 173 to the clear or reset input of print control flip-flop 156, resulting in an inhibiting signal to the AND gate 158 and thereby preventing further shift pulses to the shift register until the next synchronizing signal over line 114 which will again cause AND gate 155 to set the print flip-flop 156 and begin operation on the next scan over the receiving member.

This assures that each printing operation begins in a new scan at the same location, and assures proper alignment of successive lines of dots produced by successive scans of the receiving member past the drop projector. It will be appreciated that the feedback arrangement from the fiducial means, which in turn controls the unload register and shift register, provides a control which unloads the buffer in exact positional correlation to the intended coordinate location of the marks or dots to be placed on the receiving member. Each mark pulse over line 108 functions to gate a corresponding bit of information from the shift register, and depending upon the nature of this bit, the corresponding drop will pass to the receiving member, or will be deflected and removed from the drop trajectory thereby not placing a mark within a designated matrix cell on the receiving member. Centering of the aforesaid mark within its assigned matrix cell is accomplished by driving stimulator 82 in synchronism with the mark pulses. Using drops of the size previously mentioned, it is possible to construct images in full or half tone with great precision, and to reconstruct such images repeatedly as may be desired. Using this same technique repeatedly with different colors of ink, it is possible to produce multicolor prints, with each matrix and its cells precisely overlayed on the previously formed portion of the image, matrix for matrix.

From the foregoing explanation, and recalling the manner in which the matrix dot information is placed on the tape used to control the printing unit, it would be seen that three (or more) revolutions of the cylinder 75 are required to complete all of the corresponding 3X3 (or 4X4, 4X5, etc.) dot matrices corresponding to a single input scan line. In the arrangement illustrated, this provides an enlarged reproduction of the original representation l8 (FIG. 1), and by manipulation of the data used to control the bit pattern vs density code table, it is possible to enhance the contrast of the image during the image reconstruction process heretofore described. The arrangement employing a single drop generator unit has been found most practical from the standpoint of mechanical simplicity, however it should be understood that it is possible to construct drop generator units in multiples, for example such that there would be as many units as there are positions in that direction across the matrix transverse to the scanning motion. Thus the matrix information in the output tape can be st ed in multiple channels and unloaded in a similar manner to guntrol individual drop generators and switching control to create drops in corresponding positions in the matrix. Furthermore it should be recognized that there is no limit on the number ofimages that can be recreated in this manner, and by using spaced multiples of the jet drop marking units, it is possible to generate multiple images simultaneously. Also, by controlling the polarity of the signals directed to the charge ring of the drop generating unit, it is possible to reverse the image and thus create a negative or positive as may be desired.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a modification of the control system for the printout unit, wherein a master clock 180 is connected to provide the registration and print signals to the amplifiers 1 [a and 1100, which correspond to the similar amplifiers shown in H6. 2. The clock signal to the amplifier llOa is also transmitted to a motor speed control unit 182 which in turn is connected to drive and regulate the speed of the cylinder drive motor 80. This arrangement can be employed in place of the fiducial mark generating system shown in FIG. 5, although the system shown in FIG. 5 is preferred from the standpoint of simplicity.

While the method herein described, and the form of apparatus for carrying this method into effect, constitute preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this prccisc method and form of apparatus, and that changes may be made in either without departing from the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

l. The method of making a half-tone image reproduction comprising the steps of:

a. scanning a viewing sensor in a predetermined first pattern over a master image and in timed relation therewith generating an analog signal having an amplitude which varies in correspondence with the density of successively viewed elemental areas within said master image,

b. periodically sampling said analog signal to obtain a sequence of samples each having a sequence position representing the location of the sampled elemental image area within said master image,

c. translating said samples into a corresponding sequence of binary words, each word having its information bits arranged in correspondence with an arrangement of marking cells within a two-dimensional marking matrix which when viewed by an observer will give a visual impression approximating that of the associated elemental area within the master image,

d. storing said sequence of binary words,

e. producing relative scanning movement in a predetermined second pattern between a binarily actuatable marking means and an image receiving member; said second pattern successively bringing said marking means into marking relationship with all members of a field of marking cells collectively defining a contiguous set of two dimensional marking matrices for half-tone reproduction of the master image,

. retrieving the stored bits in timed relationship with the relative movement of the marking means and in a retrieval sequence corresponding to said second pattern, and

g. binarily actuating the marking means in sequential response to the binary states of the bits being retrieved and thereby appropriately marking each marking cell as it moves into marking relationship with the marking means.

2. Apparatus for digital image reconstruction, comprising means for producing a focused beam of radiant energy,

means for supporting a graphic representation to be scanned by the beam,

drive means connected to cause relative scanning movement between the beam and the representation at a predetermined rate along adjacent paths,

a transducer responsive to variations in the beam after modulation of the beam by the representation,

a converter connected to receive the analog output of said transducer and produce corresponding digital input signals related to incremental areas of the representation,

control means connected to gate the output from said con verter in synchronism with said drive means,

means for producing from said input signals related binary output code signals defining the relative density of each incremental area as a two dimensional increment matrix in which dots are located according to the density of the individual areas,

a printing device including means for mounting a receiving member and a marking device capable of creating individual dots on the receiving member,

a coordinated drive control producing relative movement between said marking device and the receiving member and gating the output signals to said marking device synchronously with such relative movement to produce visual two dimensional increment matrices related as the incremental areas of the representation, and

control means responsive to said output signals and connected to control said marking device for causing placement of dots on the receiving member within said matrices to create a half-tone reproduction consisting of the composite dot patterns of the increment matrices.

3. Apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein said mounting means is a cylinder rotatable past said marking means,

said marking means including an ink drop generator arranged to project drops of an electrically conductive ink along a trajectory intersecting the path of a receiving member on said mounting means,

means for selectively charging individual drops,

means providing a deflection field through which the drops are projected whereby individual drops are diverted from said trajectory depending upon the charge status of each drop,

means for preventing diverted drops from depositing on the receiving member, and

said control means including gating means arranged to control said charging means according to the binary status of the output signalsv 4. Apparatus for digital image reconstruction, comprising means for supporting an original image representation,

scanning means cooperating with said supporting means to scan the original and produce digital input information representing incremental areas of the original and graded according to the relative density of each incremental area,

means for processing said digital information and producing related binary output code signals defining the relative density of each incremental area as a two dimensional increment matrix in which dots of equal size are located in selected cells of the matrix according to the density of the individual areas,

a printing device including means for mounting a receiving member, a marking device capable of creating individual dots on the receiving member, and means for producing relative movement between said mounting means and said marking device to bring the marking device into marking relation with each cell of the increment matrices, and

control means responsive to said output signals and connected to control said marking device for causing placement of dots on the receiving member to create a halftone reproduction consisting of the composite dot patterns of the increment matrices corresponding to the densities of the related incremental areas of the original.

5. Apparatus as defined in claim 4, said control means in cluding a coordinated drive control producing said relative movement and gating the output signals to said marking device synchronously with such relative movement.

6. Apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein said mounting means is movable cyclically past said marking means,

said marking means inciuding a drop generator arranged to project marking drops of an electrically conductive liquid along a trajectory intersecting the path of a receiving member on said mounting means,

means for selectively charging individual drops,

means providing a deflection field through which the drops are projected whereby individual drops are diverted from said trajectory depending upon the charge status of each drop,

means for preventing diverted drops from depositing on the receiving member, and

said control means including gating means arranged to control said charging means according to the binary status of the output signals.

7. The method of image reproduction comprising the steps a. scanning a viewing sensor in a predetermined first pattern over a master image, and in timed relation with said scanning action, generating an analog signals having an amplitude which varies in correspondence with the density of successively viewed elemental areas within said masterimage;

b. digitizing said analog signal to create a set of digital words; each word being coded to represent the density and location of one of said successively viewed element areas, and in positional correlation with said elemental area;

c. for each said digital word, providing a corresponding information matrix on a different scale comprising a set of binary storage locations, the number of storage locations in said information matrix corresponding to the number of levels into which said analog signal is digitized;

translating each digital word into a corresponding sequence of bits which identifies the location of dots within the cells of each matrix for producing a visual matrix reproduction having a density corresponding to the related elemental image area;

e. defining a field of marking cells on an image receiving member; each marking cell corresponding to one storage location in one of said information matrices, the set of marking cells corresponding to the set of storage locations in one information matrix collectively defining a contiguous marking matrix, and the field of marking cells collectively defining the area for reproduction of the master image;

f. producing relative scanning movement in a predetermined second pattern between a binarily actuatable marking device and the image receiving member; said second pattern successively bringing said marking device in marking relationship with all marking cells in said field; and

g. as the marking device is presented to each marking cell, actuating said marking device in accordance with binary state of the corresponding one of said storage locations, thereby creating a halftone reproduction of the master image; each marking matrix within said halftone reproduction corresponding to one of said elemental areas within the master image and the number of marked marking cells within said marking matrix collectively defining an area related to the density of the associated viewed elemental area.

8. The method of claim 7, including the additional step, following step (b), of recording the digital input information, then reading the recorded digital information into a computing machine to initiate step (c).

9. The method of claim 7, wherein step (c) includes determining the span of density variation in the digital input information, and rescaling the information according to its proportionate value in the increment area matrix during processing into output code signals.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the receiving member is recirculated past the marking device to produce a helical scanning pattern, and parts of adjoining increment area matrices are produced during each single scan of the member past the marking device.

it. The method of claim 7, wherein the receiving member is recirculated past the marking device and the marking device is moved stepwise transversely to the motion of the receiving member to produce successive circular scans, and parts of adjoining increment area matrices are produced during each circular scan of the receiving member.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the rate of scanning movement is sensed and is utilized to gate the operation of said marking device to align adjoining increment area matrices and parts thereof on the receiving member. 

1. The method of making a half-tone image reproduction comprising the steps of: a. scanning a viewing sensor in a predetermined first pattern over a master image and in timed relation therewith generating an analog signal having an amplitude which varies in correspondence with the density of successively viewed elemental areas within said master image, b. periodically sampling said analog signal to obtain a sequence of samples each having a sequence position representing the location of the sampled elemental image area within said master image, c. translating said samples into a corresponding sequence of binary words, each word having its information bits arranged in correspondence with an arrangement of marking cells within a two-dimensional marking matrix which when viewed by an observer will give a visual impression approximating that of the associated elemental area within the master image, d. storing said sequence of binary words, e. producing relative scanning movement in a predetermined second pattern between a binarily actuatable marking means and an image receiving member; said second pattern successively bringing said marking means into marking relationship with all members of a field of marking cells collectively defining a contiguous set of two dimensional marking matrices for halftone reproduction of the master image, f. retrieving the stored bits in timed relationship with the relative movement of the marking means and in a retrieval sequence corresponding to said second pattern, and g. binarily actuating the marking means in sequential response to the binary states of the bits being retrieved and thereby appropriately marking each marking cell as it moves into marking relationship with the marking means.
 2. Apparatus for digital image reconstruction, comprising means for producing a focused beam of radiant energy, means for supporting a graphic representation to be scanned by the beam, drive means connected to cause relative scanning movement between the beam and the representation at a predetermined rate along adjacent paths, a transducer responsive to variations in the beam after modulation of the beam by the representation, a converter connected to receive the analog output of said transducer and produce corresponding digital input signals related to incremental areas of the representation, control means connected to gate the output from said converter in synchronism with said drive means, means for producing from said input signals related binary output code signals defining the relative density of each incremental area as a two dimensional increment matrix in which dots are located according to the density of the individual areas, a printing device including means for mounting a receiving member and a marking device capable of creating individual dots on the receiving member, a coordinated drive control producing relative movement between said marking device and the receiving member and gating the output signals to said marking device synchronously with such relative movement to produce visual two dimensional increment matrices related as the incremental areas of the representation, and control means responsive to said output signals and connected to control said marking device for causing placement of dots on the receiving member within said matrices to create a half-tone reproduction consisting of the composite dot patterns of the increment matrices.
 3. Apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein said mounting means is a cylinder rotatable past said marking means, said marking means including an ink drop generator arranged to project drops of an electrically conductive ink along a trajectory intersecting the path of a receiving member on said mounting means, means for selectively charging individual drops, means providing a deflection field through which the drops are projected whereby individual drops are diverted from said trajectory depending upon the charge status of each drop, means for preventing diverted drops from depositing on the receiving member, and said control means including gating means arranged to control said charging means according to the binary status of the output signals.
 4. Apparatus for digital image reconstruction, comprising means for supporting an original image representation, scanning means cooperating with said supporting means to scan the original and produce digital input information representing incremental areas of the original and graded according to the relative density of each incremental area, means for processing said digital information and producing related binary output code signals defining the relative density of each incremental area as a two dimensional increment matrix in which dots of equal size are located in selected cells of the matrix according to the density of the individual areas, a printing device including means for mounting a receiving member, a marking device capable of creating individual dots on the receiving member, and means for producing relative movement between said mounting means and said marking device to bring the marking device into marking relation with each cell of the increment matrices, and control means responsive to said output signals and connected to control said marking device for causing placement of dots on the receiving member to create a half-tone reproduction consisting of the composite dot patterns of the increment matrices corresponding to the densities of the related incremental areas of the original.
 5. Apparatus as defined in claim 4, said control means including a coordinated drive control producing said relative movement and gating the output signals to said marking device synchronously with such relative movement.
 6. Apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein said mounting means is movable cyclically past said marking means, said marking means including a drop generator arranged to project marking drops of an electrically conductive liquid along a trajectory intersecting the path of a receiving member on said mounting means, means for selectively charging individual drops, means providing a deflection field through which the drops are projected whereby individual drops are diverted from said trajectory depending upon the charge status of each drop, means for preventing diverted drops from depositing on the receiving member, and said control means including gating means arranged to control said charging means according to the binary status of the output signals.
 7. The method of image reproduction comprising the steps of: a. scanning a viewing sensor in a predetermined first pattern over a master image, and in timed relation with said scanning action, generating an analog signals having an amplitude which varies in correspondence with the density of successively viewed elemental areas within said master image; b. digitizing said analog signal to create a set of digital words; each word being coded to represent the density and location of one of said successively viewed element areas, and in positional correlation with said elemental area; c. for each said digital word, providing a corresponding information matrix on a different scale comprising a set of binary storage locations, the number of storage locations in said information matrix corresponding to the number of levels into which said analog signal is digitized; d. translating each digital word into a corresponding sequence of bits which identifies the location of dots within the cells of each matrix for producing a visual matrix reproduction having a density corresponding to the related elemental image area; e. defining a field of marking cells on an image receiving member; each marking cell corresponding to one storage location in one of said information matrices, the set of marking cells corresponding to the set of storage locations in one information matrix collectively defining a contiguous marking matrix, and the field of marking cells collectively defining the area for reproduction of the master image; f. producing relative scanning movement in a predetermined second pattern between a binarily actuatable marking device and the image receiving member; said second pattern successively bringing said marking device in marking relationship with all marking cells in said field; and g. as the marking device is presented to each marking cell, actuating said marking device in accordance with binary state of the corresponding one of said storage locations, thereby creating a halftone reproduction of the master image; each marking matrix within said halftone reproduction corresponding to one of said elemental areas within the master image and the number of marked marking cells within said marking matrix collectively defining an area related to the density of the associated viewed elemental area.
 8. The method of claim 7, including the additional step, following step (b), of recording the digital input information, then reading the recorded digital information into a computing machine to initiate step (c).
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein step (c) includes determining the span of density variation in the digital input information, and rescaling the information according to its proportionate value in the increment area matrix during processing into output code signals.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the receiving member is recirculated past the marking device to produce a helical scanning pattern, and parts of adjoining increment area matrices are produced during each single scan of the member past the marking device.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the receiving member is recirculated past the marking device and the marking device is moved stepwise transversely to the motion of the receiving member to produce successive circular scans, and parts of adjoining increment area matrices are produced during each circular scan of the receiving member.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the rate of scanning movement is sensed and is utilized to gate the operation of said marking device to align adjoining increment area matrices and parts thereof on the receiving member. 